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C H A P T E R <> <> <1><><> <AЕ><> с┤QнiзбЯ х┤с┤Б╖ бнБИ ╖ЙБжi╨ БРw╢ - a╧бЭAнсм - бЛБЙх┤с┤ - с┤QнiзбЯ х┤с┤ - е╖I╔ 86 a╧бЭAнсмiЯ с╢e╨ a╧бЭaЛБЬ╖г - с┤QнiзбЯ х┤с┤Б╖ w╢бХ - Е╢w╡A┴A╣ - с┤QнiзбЯ х┤с┤ a╧бЭaЛСЬБ╖ БИiд eФБЙ - й╧a╢e╨ бнa╧a╦┴╢с┤ a╧бЭAнсм :4 ё─A╧с╚Б╖ БЦAТA╡ Б╨wФ :4 IBM PC б╤┼╤ бЛ╖╣: е╖I╔ 86БЙi╡ a╧бЭAнсмiЯ aмw╢ - е╖I╔ 86БЙi╡ a╧бЭAнсмБ╖ ббIХхдб╤ 8088, 8086, 186, 286, 386, 486, E═б╦ё┤ wЧ - е╖I╔ 86БЙi╡Б╖ a╧бЭAнсмiЧe╖ б╤┼╤AЦбХвЭ щмБЙAЦс┤ ╢╖q╖ бЛБЙх┤с┤ :4 a╧бЭAнсмБ╖ b╡i╨: Б║с┤е╗ wбwЭi╖ 1БИв│ ЕосмБФбЭ БоЧ╨ :4 wбwЭс┤ │╗s╨: a╧бЭAнсмaИ йпЧ╨i╨ Бо ╢╖eУ ббeЧ aИwУe╨ wбwЭiЧ <><a╬ 1-1>< е╖I╔ 86ЕК a╧бЭAнсмiЧ┴Й aЛiЧБ╖ wбwЭс┤ │╗s╨> <><><><><><><><><><><> <a╧бЭAнсм><wбwЭс┤ │╗s╨Б╖ a╟бЛ> <8088 / 8086 186 286 386 486 Pentium(E═б╦ё┤)><115 126 142 200 206 216> :4 бЛБЙ х┤с┤ (machine language) - a╧бЭAнсмaИ в╗є╕ йпЧ╨i╨ Бо ╢╖eУ wбwЭс┤Б╖ │╗s╨┴Й bИ wбwЭБ╖ aмw╢AЛв├ - бЛБЙс┤бЭ b╕ўмEЦ a╧бЭaЛСЬe╖ еЛ Хоa╕i╡▒╖ :4 ё─A╧с╚ х┤с┤ (computer language) - a╧бЭaЛСЬi╖ b╕ўмi╨ БШ Б╢бЯaИ aмw╢a╨eУ х┤с┤ - с╕sЛх┤с┤, бЙsЛх┤с┤бЭ aРЙТ Бо ╢╖q╖ :4 ё─A╧с╚ х┤с┤ - бЙsЛх┤с┤: C, C++, PASCAL, BASIC wЧ - с╕sЛх┤с┤: aмqЬб╖ й╖a╨бЛ єобХвЭ eаiЧс┤е╗ бЛБЙ х┤с┤Б╖ e╨ a╬e╤ (Б╡, с┤QнiзбЯ х┤с┤ (assembly language)) :4 ё─A╧с╚ х┤с┤бЭ b╕ўмEЦ a╧бЭaЛСЬБ╖ йпЧ╨ - йпЧ╨ х╕A╡ бЛБЙс┤ wбwЭЕвa╖бЭ eе┼╤AЦс┤a╣б┤ e╨aФ. - eе┼╤ бпaпQ╔ (1) ё─a╠й╖сЬ: e╨сМхдA╡ бЛБЙс┤бЭ eе┼╤q╨ (2) е╖с╚a╧бЯс╚: e╨ Й║в│ eе┼╤a╨бЙ йпЧ╨q╨ с┤QнiзбЯ х┤с┤ :4 с┤QнiзсЬ (assembler) - с╕sЛх┤с┤бЭ a│a╡е╗ a╧бЭaЛСЬi╖ к╖с┤см aЛ┴╡ ╖Хй╖e╨ бЛwУi╖ a╨eУ бЛБЙх┤с┤ a╧бЭaЛСЬa╖бЭ eе┼╤q╨ :4 с╕sЛх┤с┤iЯ aмw╢a╨a╡ a╧бЭaЛБЬ╖гi╨ БШ a╧бЭaЛБЬсаaИ i┤a┤б┤ i╨ їИ - wбwЭЕв┴Й aмw╢AЛв├ - a╧бЭaЛСЬб╖ йпЧ╨IЦ бЛБЙБ╖ бЛее БКб╣ * AббббЯA╡ a╕aЮaИ с╕w╕AЦeУ wдвп * a╧бЭAнсмaИ a╕aЮiЯ с└бЯa╨eУ wдвп, wЧ е╖I╔ 86 a╧бЭAнсмiЯ с╢e╨ a╧бЭaЛБЬ╖г :4 8088A╡см йпЧ╨IЦ Бо ╢╖eУ ббeЧ a╧бЭaЛСЬe╖ aЛ б╖Б╥ ббIХБ╖ a╧бЭAнсмA╡смбХ йпЧ╨IЦ Бо ╢╖aФ. :4 bИ ббIХБ╖ b╦╖╗ - 8088, 8086, 186: A┬БФ 1AбaИaдб╖a╦(megabytes) Б╖ AббббЯ б╗е╢ - 286 : a╧бЭAнсмБ╖ b╕╖Х ббaЧaИ 2БИ (1) бЯщ┤ббaЧ(real mode): 8088, 8086, 186с└ёЬ b╕╖Хq╨ (2) беб╤ббaЧ(protected mode) A┬БФ 16MB AббббЯ б╗е╢, A┬БФ 1GB aИwм AббббЯ б╗е╢ щаб╦Б╚aп╖╟ (multitasking)б╗е╢ - 386 * aИwм 86ббaЧiЯ б╗е╢ (1) a╡сЬ БИБ╖ DOS a╧бЭaЛСЬб╖ ╖ХбпA╡ йпЧ╨ aИwУ (2) bИ a╧бЭaЛСЬe╖ a╕епeаб╖ 8086 a╧бЭAнсмiЯ бнA╖e╨ їИa╖бЭ eИБ║q╨. * беб╤ ббaЧA╡см 4GB AббббЯ┴╡ 64 TBБ╖ aИwм AббббЯ б╗е╢ - 486┴Й E═б╦ё┤ * 386 + math coprocessorБ╖ БИхмEЦ w╤Б╚ * cache controller aИ БРw╕AЦс┤ ╢╖q╖ - 8088 б╖Б╥A╡ Б┬aИEЦ wбwЭiЧe╖ БФБжЕж беб╤ббaЧA╡смБ╖ a╧бЭaЛБЬ╖г i╖ с╢e╨ їИ - с┤QнiзбЯ х┤с┤Б╖ бЛб┴ = 8088Б╖ х┤с┤iЯ БдБ╢eУ їИ. с┤QнiзбЯ х┤с┤iЯ aмw╢a╨AЙ AЦeУ wЙБ╢ :4 бЙsЛх┤с┤(с╕sЛх┤с┤┴╡ бзaКi╨ БШ) - БИqСт╕б╖aФ. Аа^